| H3 hexagonal grid (Uber, h3geo.org) |
world cells and neighbours |
grid.py |
| Euler-pole plate kinematics (rigid plates rotating about a pole; standard plate tectonics) |
plate motions, boundary types |
plates.py, sphere.py |
| Parsons & Sclater 1977, JGR 82(5) (ocean depth ≈ 2500 + 350·√age m) |
sea-floor depth from crust age |
elevation.py |
| Ebert, Musgrave, Peachey, Perlin & Worley 1994, Texturing and Modeling: A Procedural Approach (value noise, fractal sums; ridged noise 1 − |fBm| after Musgrave's ridged multifractal) |
procedural detail, old orogens, fractal coasts |
noise.py, crust.py, elevation.py, zones.py |
| Daily-mean top-of-atmosphere insolation (standard astronomical formula); three-cell circulation (Hadley, Ferrel, polar); 6.5 °C/km lapse rate (ICAO standard atmosphere) |
temperature, winds |
climate.py, check.py |
| Stommel 1948, Trans. AGU 29(2) (westward intensification); Ekman 1905 (wind-driven transport) |
surface currents, upwelling |
ocean.py |
| Angot, Bruneau & Fabrie 1999, Numer. Math. 81 (Brinkman penalisation) |
land as high-friction fluid in the current solver |
ocean.py |
| Holdridge 1947, Science 105; Holdridge 1967, Life Zone Ecology (life zones, biotemperature, PET = 58.93 × biotemperature) |
biomes, potential evapotranspiration |
climate.py, environment.py, render.py |
| Pike 1964, J. Hydrology 2 (actual evapotranspiration from rain and PET) |
runoff |
hydrology.py |
| Barnes, Lehman & Mulla 2014, Computers & Geosciences 62 (priority-flood + ε) |
depression filling, drainage |
graph.py, hydrology.py, erosion.py |
| O'Callaghan & Mark 1984 (steepest-descent flow routing, D8), here on hexagons |
receivers, flow accumulation |
graph.py |
| Strahler 1957, Trans. AGU 38(6) (stream order) |
river order |
hydrology.py, geo.py |
| Braun & Willett 2013, Geomorphology 180 (implicit stream-power incision) |
erosion |
erosion.py |
| Marching squares (contouring; cf. Lorensen & Cline 1987) |
coastline and lake outlines |
geo.py |
| Equal Earth projection (Šavrič, Patterson & Jenny 2018); Mollweide 1805 |
map projections |
projections.py |
| Kerguelen Plateau (real sunken continental plateau) |
inspiration for sunken plateaus |
plateaus.py |